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Fear of Flying
Hey guys -
Jeff and I got a bit off the topic in the TdPS. His last post there said: I have no problem piloting a trike in the mid to high 20's but when I go down a hill of any decent size, I'm very quickly in the 30's and the trike does not feel stable. I'm glad we got some numbers into this discussion. As it turns out, I'm actually in very close agreement with Jeff on this issue. Although we've been talking about tadpole trikes, I think the same concerns apply to all 'bents and other bikes as well. If you've ever been on one of those parachute drops at a thrill ride park, you've probably felt that irrational fear that comes as you suddenly approach weightlessness and watch the ground begin accelerating up toward you. I say 'irrational' fear, because you probably assessed the risk before you got on that thing and decided the real danger was pretty minimal. When I first read Jeff's comment that he "had to ride the brakes" on downhills, I thought he was talking about keeping his speed below 15 to 20 MPH, and for most folks with normal reflexes, eyesight, mental stability and such, feeling any kind of serious terror at 20 MPH on a contemporary middle-of-the-road tadpole is probably very close to that same kind of 'irrational' fear as the parachute drop. However, as you get into that 30 to 50 MPH range, any concern for personal safety you feel is more in the nature of 'rational' fear. The actual number for any one person will depend on his riding abilities and his own priorities, the trail, the weather, and the trike. I think most current model tadpoles are stable and safe at 20 MPH, but at 40 MPH there are definite differences, and issues like frame stiffness, tracking, weight bias, track width, wheelbase, seat height and steering sensitivity begin to become very important. At speed, brakes play a major role for a rider's peace of mind - some folks feel uncomfortable with the higher lever pressures of drum brakes; some discs are 'grabby' or hard to modulate; brake steering makes some riders very uneasy. As a cyclist who's spent remarkably little time on any kind of two-wheeled recumbent, I'm often intrigued at the conversations of 'bent bikers comparing their impressions of long wheel-base, short wheel-base and lowracers, and who feels safest at what speed on which machine. Trikes are probably a bit different in that they require almost nothing in the way of operator skill or training at speeds up to 'casual cruising', and some riders seem to be lulled into forgetting that as they push the limits, trikes begin to demand some of the same skills and heightened attention that it takes to ride a bike fast. Tadpoles are very stable and simple to ride at low to medium speeds, and their braking ability may be the best available on any 'normal' road vehicle, but at some point, a trikey is exposed to the same real risks as any other cyclist. For me, that transition from carefree fun (in lower case) to gunfighter-eyed, yellow-alert, battle stations, play racer mentality usually comes somewhere between about 30 and 40 MPH. But hey, sometimes even a little rational fear is FUN! (upper case with exclamation point) Regards, Wayne |
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#2
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Fear of Flying
32GO wrote:
Jeff and I got a bit off the topic in the TdPS. His last post there said: I have no problem piloting a trike in the mid to high 20's but when I go down a hill of any decent size, I'm very quickly in the 30's and the trike does not feel stable. I'm often intrigued at the conversations of 'bent bikers comparing their impressions of long wheel-base, short wheel-base and lowracers, and who feels safest at what speed on which machine. Trikes are probably a bit different in that they require almost nothing in the way of operator skill or training at speeds up to 'casual cruising', and some riders seem to be lulled into forgetting that as they push the limits, trikes begin to demand some of the same skills and heightened attention that it takes to ride a bike fast. I'm going to offer my observations based on lots of riding on upright bikes and trikes. I have ridden 'bent bikes of different kinds, but I must admit that they all felt dangerously unstable to me at any speed, like they would dump me in a heartbeat if I even /thought/ about letting go of the bars. I have almost no direct experience with 'bent trikes, but I used to work with Rick Horwitz and I very briefly tried one of his Thunderbolts. Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed" that has more to do with vehicle dynamics than it does with the rider's fear and perceptions. Trikes can't lean, so they have a weight shift in turns. They also have a natural steering response that is relatively independent of speed. But as speed increases, the weight shift becomes more sudden and eventually causes a violent response to even mild steering inputs, up to and including high-siding the trike. Since the effect of a harsh weight shift is to jar the rider, and this can result in unplanned steering inputs, there comes a speed at which every trike can be considered unstable. The lowest critical speed I have seen so far was in a Trailmate E-Z Roll Regal adult delta trike, which tried to buck the rider off starting at about 10mph. This was a result, I believe, of several factors including extravagant frame flex, high C of G, narrow track, and the misguided use of a normal bicycle fork offset on a trike with a slack head angle. A trike will naturally become more stable as it becomes lower, wider, stiffer, or more resistant to steering input. That's why tadpole 'bents can be considered "sporty" while upright deltas never are. However, while a sporty 'bent trike might have a much higher critical speed than a senior citizen's neighborhood trike, it still has a point beyond which it can be considered unstable. Bikes are different. Their front end steering characteristics cause a natural self-stabilizing force that increases with speed. This force causes frame, fork, and wheel flex, however, and thus can result in shimmy problems as speeds and dynamic forces on the frame rise. But in a bike and rider combination that does not exhibit shimmy, the ride becomes steadier as speeds increase-- quite the opposite of what happens with a trike. I used to have a roughly 1/2 mile downhill averaging about 8% on my way to work, and with a mild crouch over flat handlebars I routinely hit a measured 55mph on my upright bike-- without any unsteadiness or handling quirks whatsoever. 'Bent bikes tend to be longer, less triangulated, and smaller-wheeled than uprights, and most of them suffer from compromised steering geometry that does not not allow the sort of no-hands riding stability common to uprights. Thus they will flex more (promoting shimmy) and exhibit less self-stabilizing than a typical upright bike, and this may contribute to a lower practical maximum operating speed. So because 'bent bikes are (generally speaking) worse than upright bikes with regard to stability at speed, 'bent trikes are /more stable/ than upright trikes, and this makes two- and three-wheeled 'bents comparable to each other in their sure-footedness at high speed. In contrast, there is really no comparison between DF bikes and upright trikes in their handling at speed. Chalo |
#3
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Fear of Flying
You have made some interesting observations. One of mine is that back in the
days when I rode DF's, I could easily ride without holding onto the handlebars. I have never had a recumbent bike where I could ride without holding on (I owned an Infinity LWB, Vision SWB, and Trek). The Trek, which I thought I would love, was the "twitchiest" steerer. The Infinity, which was the oldest and lowest end of the bikes I've owned was my favorite. I am interested in learning how Quad's would handle although I suspect that they could also easily go up on two wheels. Its too bad I could have a bike that became a trike on the really steep ascents. I guess if I'm going to stick to rail trails then I could get meself a really good two wheeled 'bent and I should be perfectly content. Jeff "chalo colina" wrote in message ups.com... 32GO wrote: Jeff and I got a bit off the topic in the TdPS. His last post there said: I have no problem piloting a trike in the mid to high 20's but when I go down a hill of any decent size, I'm very quickly in the 30's and the trike does not feel stable. I'm often intrigued at the conversations of 'bent bikers comparing their impressions of long wheel-base, short wheel-base and lowracers, and who feels safest at what speed on which machine. Trikes are probably a bit different in that they require almost nothing in the way of operator skill or training at speeds up to 'casual cruising', and some riders seem to be lulled into forgetting that as they push the limits, trikes begin to demand some of the same skills and heightened attention that it takes to ride a bike fast. I'm going to offer my observations based on lots of riding on upright bikes and trikes. I have ridden 'bent bikes of different kinds, but I must admit that they all felt dangerously unstable to me at any speed, like they would dump me in a heartbeat if I even /thought/ about letting go of the bars. I have almost no direct experience with 'bent trikes, but I used to work with Rick Horwitz and I very briefly tried one of his Thunderbolts. Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed" that has more to do with vehicle dynamics than it does with the rider's fear and perceptions. Trikes can't lean, so they have a weight shift in turns. They also have a natural steering response that is relatively independent of speed. But as speed increases, the weight shift becomes more sudden and eventually causes a violent response to even mild steering inputs, up to and including high-siding the trike. Since the effect of a harsh weight shift is to jar the rider, and this can result in unplanned steering inputs, there comes a speed at which every trike can be considered unstable. The lowest critical speed I have seen so far was in a Trailmate E-Z Roll Regal adult delta trike, which tried to buck the rider off starting at about 10mph. This was a result, I believe, of several factors including extravagant frame flex, high C of G, narrow track, and the misguided use of a normal bicycle fork offset on a trike with a slack head angle. A trike will naturally become more stable as it becomes lower, wider, stiffer, or more resistant to steering input. That's why tadpole 'bents can be considered "sporty" while upright deltas never are. However, while a sporty 'bent trike might have a much higher critical speed than a senior citizen's neighborhood trike, it still has a point beyond which it can be considered unstable. Bikes are different. Their front end steering characteristics cause a natural self-stabilizing force that increases with speed. This force causes frame, fork, and wheel flex, however, and thus can result in shimmy problems as speeds and dynamic forces on the frame rise. But in a bike and rider combination that does not exhibit shimmy, the ride becomes steadier as speeds increase-- quite the opposite of what happens with a trike. I used to have a roughly 1/2 mile downhill averaging about 8% on my way to work, and with a mild crouch over flat handlebars I routinely hit a measured 55mph on my upright bike-- without any unsteadiness or handling quirks whatsoever. 'Bent bikes tend to be longer, less triangulated, and smaller-wheeled than uprights, and most of them suffer from compromised steering geometry that does not not allow the sort of no-hands riding stability common to uprights. Thus they will flex more (promoting shimmy) and exhibit less self-stabilizing than a typical upright bike, and this may contribute to a lower practical maximum operating speed. So because 'bent bikes are (generally speaking) worse than upright bikes with regard to stability at speed, 'bent trikes are /more stable/ than upright trikes, and this makes two- and three-wheeled 'bents comparable to each other in their sure-footedness at high speed. In contrast, there is really no comparison between DF bikes and upright trikes in their handling at speed. Chalo |
#4
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Fear of Flying
Jeff Grippe wrote:
You have made some interesting observations. One of mine is that back in the days when I rode DF's, I could easily ride without holding onto the handlebars. I have never had a recumbent bike where I could ride without holding on (I owned an Infinity LWB, Vision SWB, and Trek). The Trek, which I thought I would love, was the "twitchiest" steerer. The Infinity, which was the oldest and lowest end of the bikes I've owned was my favorite. I am interested in learning how Quad's would handle although I suspect that they could also easily go up on two wheels. Its too bad I could have a bike that became a trike on the really steep ascents. I guess if I'm going to stick to rail trails then I could get meself a really good two wheeled 'bent and I should be perfectly content. Jeff "chalo colina" wrote in message ups.com... 32GO wrote: Jeff and I got a bit off the topic in the TdPS. His last post there said: I have no problem piloting a trike in the mid to high 20's but when I go down a hill of any decent size, I'm very quickly in the 30's and the trike does not feel stable. ... ... I'm going to offer my observations based on lots of riding on upright bikes and trikes. I have ridden 'bent bikes of different kinds, but I must admit that they all felt dangerously unstable to me at any speed, like they would dump me in a heartbeat if I even /thought/ about letting go of the bars. I have almost no direct experience with 'bent trikes, but I used to work with Rick Horwitz and I very briefly tried one of his Thunderbolts. Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed" that has more to do with vehicle dynamics than it does with the rider's fear and perceptions. Trikes can't lean, so they have a weight shift in turns. ... Chalo On reading these posts about instability at speed in trikes or at least a sense of instability, I began to wonder if there were any trikes that incorporated wheel lean in their designs. I've noticed on the cutting edge tech sites many designs for motorized vehicles with wheel lean. Why not for human powered? Maybe weight is a factor with the added engineering complexity involved. On last year's 5 Boro bike tour in New York City a rode along side a trike for a short distance. I don't know anything about the makes or designs of trikes but the one I saw reminded me of a formula 1 race car. It had independent front suspensions with upper and lower control arms. Also disk brakes and what looked like a monocoque frame design (or least the look of one). With upper and lower control arms it doesn't seem to be much of an extension to have lean incorporated, whether in a preset manner or under the control of the rider - say in a steering mechanism that allowed for a turning motion for turning along with a side-to-side sliding motion to control lean. Even simpler, in the manner of current autos, the suspension could be designed to force wheel lean depending of the downward force on it. I've also seen rollerbladers with unusual skates. Rather than having many small wheels vertically mounted the unusual skates had two large wheels (about 8 to 10 inches in diameter) mounted such that they leaned from the outside of the foot to meet the ground just at the center of the foot, though obviously some few inches below. Though this lean seems opposite to the direction needed for turn stability it seems to test the endurance of the bearing mechanisms involved in lean. Sport wheel chairs have used a leaning wheel design for some time. Why isn't this used with trikes? |
#5
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Fear of Flying
Well having a tadpole trike (Catrike Road) and having crashed it within a
month of getting it let me chime in with some observations. The only stability problems I've encountered are the "brake steer" effect of side to side brakes. If one is not aware of the degree of the effect the resulst can be an oscillating descent which causes one to stiffen up even more compounding the problem. I've had the trike up to 58kph on relatively flat terrain with absolutely no problems. I've had the trike up to 76kph down a curvy descent with no problems IF I stay relaxed. The moment I begin to tense up (ie Fear), is when instability shows up. I've had many configurations of DF bikes, hybrids, top-end rigid MTB's and pretty good road bikes. I've been "on the ground" with all of them too. But I have to say for high speed cornering, DF's are best, except when you hit some junk (gravel, RR Xings etc). At least on a trike some junk won't put you down. And besides, at least my head isn't 7' off the ground. Falls on a DB are usually sliding road rashers or "dive for the pavement" acrobatics. I stil feel much safer on my bent trike Grolsch "Jeff Grippe" wrote in message ... You have made some interesting observations. One of mine is that back in the days when I rode DF's, I could easily ride without holding onto the handlebars. I have never had a recumbent bike where I could ride without holding on (I owned an Infinity LWB, Vision SWB, and Trek). The Trek, which I thought I would love, was the "twitchiest" steerer. The Infinity, which was the oldest and lowest end of the bikes I've owned was my favorite. I am interested in learning how Quad's would handle although I suspect that they could also easily go up on two wheels. Its too bad I could have a bike that became a trike on the really steep ascents. I guess if I'm going to stick to rail trails then I could get meself a really good two wheeled 'bent and I should be perfectly content. Jeff "chalo colina" wrote in message ups.com... 32GO wrote: Jeff and I got a bit off the topic in the TdPS. His last post there said: I have no problem piloting a trike in the mid to high 20's but when I go down a hill of any decent size, I'm very quickly in the 30's and the trike does not feel stable. I'm often intrigued at the conversations of 'bent bikers comparing their impressions of long wheel-base, short wheel-base and lowracers, and who feels safest at what speed on which machine. Trikes are probably a bit different in that they require almost nothing in the way of operator skill or training at speeds up to 'casual cruising', and some riders seem to be lulled into forgetting that as they push the limits, trikes begin to demand some of the same skills and heightened attention that it takes to ride a bike fast. I'm going to offer my observations based on lots of riding on upright bikes and trikes. I have ridden 'bent bikes of different kinds, but I must admit that they all felt dangerously unstable to me at any speed, like they would dump me in a heartbeat if I even /thought/ about letting go of the bars. I have almost no direct experience with 'bent trikes, but I used to work with Rick Horwitz and I very briefly tried one of his Thunderbolts. Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed" that has more to do with vehicle dynamics than it does with the rider's fear and perceptions. Trikes can't lean, so they have a weight shift in turns. They also have a natural steering response that is relatively independent of speed. But as speed increases, the weight shift becomes more sudden and eventually causes a violent response to even mild steering inputs, up to and including high-siding the trike. Since the effect of a harsh weight shift is to jar the rider, and this can result in unplanned steering inputs, there comes a speed at which every trike can be considered unstable. The lowest critical speed I have seen so far was in a Trailmate E-Z Roll Regal adult delta trike, which tried to buck the rider off starting at about 10mph. This was a result, I believe, of several factors including extravagant frame flex, high C of G, narrow track, and the misguided use of a normal bicycle fork offset on a trike with a slack head angle. A trike will naturally become more stable as it becomes lower, wider, stiffer, or more resistant to steering input. That's why tadpole 'bents can be considered "sporty" while upright deltas never are. However, while a sporty 'bent trike might have a much higher critical speed than a senior citizen's neighborhood trike, it still has a point beyond which it can be considered unstable. Bikes are different. Their front end steering characteristics cause a natural self-stabilizing force that increases with speed. This force causes frame, fork, and wheel flex, however, and thus can result in shimmy problems as speeds and dynamic forces on the frame rise. But in a bike and rider combination that does not exhibit shimmy, the ride becomes steadier as speeds increase-- quite the opposite of what happens with a trike. I used to have a roughly 1/2 mile downhill averaging about 8% on my way to work, and with a mild crouch over flat handlebars I routinely hit a measured 55mph on my upright bike-- without any unsteadiness or handling quirks whatsoever. 'Bent bikes tend to be longer, less triangulated, and smaller-wheeled than uprights, and most of them suffer from compromised steering geometry that does not not allow the sort of no-hands riding stability common to uprights. Thus they will flex more (promoting shimmy) and exhibit less self-stabilizing than a typical upright bike, and this may contribute to a lower practical maximum operating speed. So because 'bent bikes are (generally speaking) worse than upright bikes with regard to stability at speed, 'bent trikes are /more stable/ than upright trikes, and this makes two- and three-wheeled 'bents comparable to each other in their sure-footedness at high speed. In contrast, there is really no comparison between DF bikes and upright trikes in their handling at speed. Chalo |
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Fear of Flying
Jeff Grippe wrote:
The Infinity, which was the oldest and lowest end of the bikes I've owned was my favorite. I test rode an Infinity back in the late '80s. It wasn't my bag, but it was worlds easier to tolerate than the BikeE I spent a long weekend with in 2001. I am interested in learning how Quad's would handle although I suspect that they could also easily go up on two wheels. Its too bad I could have a bike that became a trike on the really steep ascents. Quads must either have full suspension or a frame that articulates in the middle, allowing the front end to tilt one way and the rear axle to tilt another way. This adds greatly to the weight and expense of a quad. In most states they don't have a right to the road either. And they lose a lot of energy to wheel scrub in corners, substanttially more than trikes. But aside from all that, they can corner better for any given width, length, height, and weight distribution than a trike. Chalo |
#7
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Fear of Flying
Hey folks -
Who says we can't have interesting on-topic discussions here at ARBR? For starters, I recognize that many cyclists may feel more at ease on a two-wheeler at high speed than on a trike. I think one of the reasons for this is that it's a fairly simple learning process for us to make controlling a bike with subtle leaning and weight shifts pretty much instinctive, and most of us learned it long ago when our brains were young and wide open. Another reason is that unlike a trikey at low to moderate speeds, a biker is ALWAYS required to continuously interact with his cycle, even though it is a largely subconscious process. There's not much in the way of a transition from riding a bike at 12 MPH to zipping along at three times that speed. Chalo wrote: Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed"... as speed increases, the weight shift becomes more sudden and eventually causes a violent response to even mild steering inputs, up to and including high-siding the trike. While I can appreciate most of chalo's comments, this bit seems to me to be what a logics professor might call 'A giant leap from a fallacious assumption to an erroneous conclusion'. ;-) What exactly is this strange "weight shift" and why would it become "more sudden"? A well-designed stiff tadpole with an experienced, even modestly talented rider doesn't go through some kind of radical transition (like an aircraft at Mach One) so that it begins to provide a "violent response" to his control inputs. The front end geometry of a tadpole is pretty much the same as an automobile's, and as far as I know, there's no such thing as a "critical speed". Of course, with good lateral traction a driver can roll a Miata, just as a rider can roll a trike. Speed plays a big role in rollover susceptibility, and tadpoles have comparatively sensitive steering, meaning: the front wheels turn much farther for a one-inch movement of your hands on the bar than on an auto. At higher speeds, small steering inputs cause higher lateral acceleration than at lower speeds, and of course it takes a smaller jerk of the bars to flip a trike at 50 MPH than it does at 5 MPH. One simple fact of cycle dynamics, however, is that a trike is inherently very stable in the roll axis at any speed, even parked. A bike, meaning a vehicle with two tires on the same lateral axis, has no - ZERO! - long-term roll stability. It wouldn't be a very serious engineering challenge to implement a stone simple servo-controlled single-axis automated steering system for a trike, using an airplane type gyro, so that it would roll down a hill in a straight line. I won't stay up waiting for someone to do that with a bike... The biggest single difference that I see between bikes and trikes is that anyone riding a two-wheeler has to constantly make minor steering and/or weight shift corrections to keep the bike upright AT ANY SPEED, and the process of making those continuous compensations becomes almost subconscious for him. The process is made a bit more appropriate to normal human aptitudes by the short-term stability provided by the precession effect of the wheels and the rounded profile of bike tires. But on a trike, at low and medium speeds, there is absolutely no need for the rider to do anything but make minor steering corrections. When the trike begins going fast enough to make it more of a challenge to control its direction with its sensitive steering, compensating and correcting for stiction, linkage slack and hysteresis, it begins to demand a lot more in the way of attention, precision and good reflexes. If that seems to set some kind of "critical speed" for the trike, or to give it a Jekyll-Hyde nature, it's probably a good idea to remember that the real difference from a bike is that a bike is always in the Hyde mode. I've used the analogy before, but if you put a big long-stroke steam engine pumping the pedals on a trike, and send it off down the road, it may go in the wrong direction, and it may waggle back and forth, but... if you do the same thing on a bike, it most likely won't make it out of shrapnel range before it falls over and explodes! Regards, Wayne |
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Fear of Flying
chalo colina wrote:
'Bent bikes tend to be longer, less triangulated, and smaller-wheeled than uprights, and most of them suffer from compromised steering geometry that does not not allow the sort of no-hands riding stability common to uprights. I think it's wrong to assume lack of no-hands means "compromised", it will often just mean little or no trail. That's a Feature, not a Bug. My Streetmachine won't ride no-hands (at least not with me!) but it's steady as a rock with fingers on one hand only at some pretty high speeds, and I've never experienced any sort of shimmy. I do know people who've suffered on it, and they're all 'bent newbies exhibiting the reasonably common problem of getting too nervous, hanging on too hard and probably putting far too much power through the bars, being used to uprights where you can heave all you want. IME, 'bent bikes typically have most of their steering "problems" resolved by relaxing not trying too hard, but of course that's much easier said than done when you're nervous... I've never entriely got on with tiller bars, and because of that I find tiller steering twitchy, though I can ride an /otherwise identical bike/ with superman bars or USS with no wibbles at all. I think psychology has a lot to do with handling as well as the physics of the bike/trike. Pete. -- Peter Clinch Medical Physics IT Officer Tel 44 1382 660111 ext. 33637 Univ. of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital Fax 44 1382 640177 Dundee DD1 9SY Scotland UK net http://www.dundee.ac.uk/~pjclinch/ |
#9
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Fear of Flying
"32GO" wrote in message ups.com... Chalo wrote: Trikes as a rule have a natural "critical speed"... as speed increases, the weight shift becomes more sudden and eventually causes a violent response to even mild steering inputs, up to and including high-siding the trike. While I can appreciate most of chalo's comments, this bit seems to me to be what a logics professor might call 'A giant leap from a fallacious assumption to an erroneous conclusion'. ;-) What exactly is this strange "weight shift" and why would it become "more sudden"? A well-designed stiff tadpole with an experienced, even modestly talented rider doesn't go through some kind of radical transition (like an aircraft at Mach One) so that it begins to provide a "violent response" to his control inputs. Regarding Critical Speed: I don't know about the science behind this but the idea matches my experience on the trikes that I've owned. Everything is fine under 25 mph. Even the top heavy Tricruiser is fine at that speed. At somewhere between 25 and 30, however, something happens and the steering characteristics change. Under normal riding conditions you constantly make minor steering adjustments to keep moving in whatever direction you are going. The side effects of these minor adjustments is magnified by speed and then further magnified by braking. I think that if there were some way to keep going straight without turning or braking (such as going down one hill and then immediately up another), I'd be comfortable in the mid 30's. BTW I forgot to stick up for the Tricruiser before so I'll just do it here. Sid (the builder) makes a nice trike and get people in at an entry level for under $1,000. You can't compare it to higher end trikes and expect it to win but for what it is, its great. Sid was a pleasure to deal with and the Tricruiser was fun to ride. Jeff |
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Fear of Flying
Jeff Grippe wrote:
I don't know about the science behind this but the idea matches my experience on the trikes that I've owned. Everything is fine under 25 mph. Even the top heavy Tricruiser is fine at that speed. At somewhere between 25 and 30, however, something happens and the steering characteristics change. Under normal riding conditions you constantly make minor steering adjustments to keep moving in whatever direction you are going. The side effects of these minor adjustments is magnified by speed and then further magnified by braking. Steering side effects are often /less/ at higher speed (which is why you wobble at very low speed). The forward momentum takes you a lot further along compared to any sideways motion, with the net effect of going straighter. Typically any adjustments can be made practically subconsciously if one can relax on the job: the less one relaxes, the less easy the steering is. Trikes certainly don't necessarily come unstable at 25-30, velomobiles routinely travel at those sorts of speeds over significant proportions of their journeys. Pete. -- Peter Clinch Medical Physics IT Officer Tel 44 1382 660111 ext. 33637 Univ. of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital Fax 44 1382 640177 Dundee DD1 9SY Scotland UK net http://www.dundee.ac.uk/~pjclinch/ |
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